Lesson6の学習ポイント 動名詞の慣用表現

ＳＴＡＧＥ２以来の動名詞です。既出の慣用表現も含めて今一度勉強しましょう。

動名詞の慣用表現を使って、以下の日本文を英作しましょう。

理解度確認問題

１．動詞＋動名詞？　動詞＋不定詞？　よく考えて（　　）内の正しい方を選びましょう。

1. They agreed (  to start , starting  ) at once.
2. I`m considering ( to change ,  changing  ) the way.
3. I`m looking forward to ( see,  seeing ) you soon.
4. I enjoyed ( to talk , talking ) with you.
5. He is used to ( walk,  walking ) a long distance.
6. My shoes need ( to mend,  mending ).
7. Try to avoid ( to be ,  being  ) late.
8. I couldn`t help ( to laugh , laughing ) at the scene.
9. What do you say ( to go shopping, to going shopping )?
10. She admitted ( to tell a lie,  telling a lie. )
11. She misses ( to live , living ) in her hometown.
12. Please remember ( to call,  calling ) her tomorrow.
13. You were lucky to escape ( to be punished, being punished ).
14. Have you finished ( to do, doing ) your homework?

正解と解説 :
1. to start
2. changing
3. seeing
4. talking
5. walking
6. mending
7. being
8. laughing
9. to going shopping
10. telling
11. living
12. to call
13. being punished
14. doing

★ 注意するべき動詞 :
mind. miss. enjoy, give up, avoid, finish, escape, practice, stop, deny, admit, ＋動名詞
動詞の頭文字をとって、ＭＥＧＡＦＥＰＳＤＡ　＋　動名詞 と覚えましょう。
remember, forget + 動名詞、to 不定詞　両方ＯＫですが、意味が変わります。

Remember to call her tomorrow.
明日彼女に電話するのを覚えていて。〔未来の事〕

I remember calling her.     彼女に電話したのを覚えている。〔過去の事〕

２、以下の長文を読んで質問に答えましょう。

Ⅰ
If the number of people ( ① ) use a product or service increases, those users gain more ( ②  ).
This effect is known in economic terms ( ③ ) network externalities, or the network ( ④ ). The most ( ⑤  )example of this effect is the telephone. ⑥(use, would be,  a telephone,  It ,  no, owning ) if no one else had one, but ( ⑦ ) users the network has, ( ⑦ ) people there are to talk to on the telephone, and therefore(  ⑦  ) valuable it becomes. Its value continues to increase as it gains (  ⑧  ), ⑨reach the point ( ⑩  )it is ( ⑪ ) for people not to subscribe.
 As a telephone network gains more users, often services such as ( ⑫ ) are added. This
has the ( ⑬ ) effect of making the network even more valuable. ⑭( the quality, nothing, with, this value, has, to do ) and performance of the telephone or of the network itself. It is simply based on (  ⑮   ).

① 適語を選びましょう。 ( 1. whom   2. which     3. who  )
② 適語を選びましょう。 ( 1. goods   2. benefits   3. service )
③ 適当な前置詞を入れましょう。
④ (  )に入る名詞１語を文中から探しましょう。
⑤ [　一般的な　]という意味の単語は？
⑥ 意味の通る文章になるよう並び替えましょう。
⑦ (  )に入る適語は？
⑧ [　加入者　]という意味の単語は？
⑨ 正しい形に変化させましょう。
⑩ 関係詞を入れましょう。
⑪ 以下の単語に組み合わせで（　）に入るのはどれでしょうか？
⑫ [　割引料金　]という意味の単語２語は？
⑬ [  間接的な  ]という意味の単語１語は？
⑭ 意味の通る文章になるよう並び替えましょう。
⑮ [  利用者の数  ]という意味の単語４語は？
⑯ 以下の質問に英語で答えましょう。
    a.  Please show the example of network externalities.
    b.  If a telephone network gains more users, what kind of services can we expect?

正解と解説 :
① ３
② ２
③ as
④ effect
⑤ common
⑥ It would be no use owning a telephone
⑦ the more 　　[ the比較級~~, the 比較級 ] 重要構文です。
⑧ subscribers
⑨ reaching  (  and reach ～～) 分詞構文
⑩ where  (  at which  )
⑪ ２
⑫ discounted price
⑬ indirect
⑭ This value has nothing to do with the quality
⑮ the number of users
⑯ a.  The telephone
    b.  We can expect discounted price plans.

Ⅱ
        The network effect often leads (①) another effect. In this effect a certain standard---the specificationsfor some product or activity---is widely used and dominates the market ( ②正式に承認されることなく)bysome organization or government. This effect is referred (③) as the de facto standard, from the Latin words ④mean “ in fact .” When a de facto standard is ( ⑤ ), products⑧ that(⑥m )⑧that standard end up ( ⑦ ) a large share of the market.
       The Qwerty layout of keys on a typewriter keyboard is one example. This arrangement of keys,⑨give its name for the first six keys in the top ( ⑩ ) of letters ( QWERTY) , is used by almost everyone around the world ( ⑪ )uses a computer. It was first employed by  major typewriter manufacturers in the late 1880s. There were other key layouts at the time, and QWERTY was not necessarily the fastest.
However, many computers were (⑫) with the QWERTY layout and large numbers of people have become(  ⑬ ), so it (  ⑭r   ) the de facto standard today.

① 前置詞を入れましょう。
② 英作しましょう。（動名詞を使用して４語）
③ 前置詞を入れましょう。
④ 正しい形に変えましょう。
⑤ 適語を選びましょう。
    a.  found   b,  established   c,  establish
⑥ [  満たす　]　という意味の単語を入れましょう。
⑦ 前置詞を入れましょう。
⑧ that はそれぞれ同じ使い方でしょうか？違う場合はどのように違うのか説明しましょう。
⑨ 正しい形に変えましょう。
⑩ 適語を選びましょう。
    a.  law     b.  row     c.  raw
⑪ 関係詞を入れましょう。
⑫ 適語を選びましょう。
    a.  used    b.  equip   c.  equipped
⑬ [  それを使うのに慣れて ]　という意味になるよう英作しましょう。（４語）
⑭ 適語を入れましょう。( rで始まる動詞　)
⑮ 以下の質問に英語で答えましょう。
    a.  what does the word “ the de facto “ mean?
    b.  When was QWERTY ( the first six keys ) first employed?

正解と解説 :
① to
② without being officially approved
③ to
④ meaning　（現在分詞です）
⑤ b  found も[設立する]という意味ですが、ここでは過去分詞型にしないと間違いです。
⑥ meet
⑦ with
⑧ 違います。最初のthatは関係代名詞、2番目のthatは前の[a de facto standard]を指す指示形容詞。
⑨ given　(which is) given ～～と考えると分かりやすいです。
⑩ b  列です。似たスペルに混乱しないように。
⑪ who / that
⑫ c
⑬ accustomed to using it
⑭ remains  [まだ～のままでいる]という大切な動詞です。
⑮ a.  It means “ in fact “ in Latin.
    b.  It was employed in the late 1800s.

重要単語、熟語のまとめ

in general, game console, benefit, economic, externality, it is no use…ing, valuable, subscribe, inconvenient,discount, indirect, directly, affect, worthless,  necessarily, reflect, indirectly, widespread, smart, device,cassette, firm, rental, adequate, average, specification, dominate, officially, approve, establish, layout,typewriter, keyboard, arrangement, row, employ, equip, be accustomed to …ing, selection, online, well-known, prefer A to B, attractive, businesslike, profit, adjust, phenomenon, priority, 

文法のまとめ

★ １．動名詞の慣用表現を覚えましょう。
★ ２．動詞＋不定詞、動詞＋動名詞